A geometric modeling kernel is a software component that provides 3D modeling capabilities in computer-aided design (CAD) software. It is used to design a virtual model that supports the simulation and manufacture of real-world objects. Geometric modeling kernels represent real world objects using a variety of geometric representations. These include facet models, which approximate an object using a triangular surface mesh, and B-rep models, which use mathematically defined surfaces to accurately define a solid model. Many kernels offer a wide range of modeling tools. For example, 2D sketches may be swept or revolved into 3D volumes, or Boolean operations might be used to add, subtract or combine 3D volumes. Advanced kernels provide direct model editing tools like tapering, shelling and offsetting, and also enable the creation of very large models and complex freeform surfaces Geometric modeling kernels support translation-free interoperability between software solutions based on the same kernel. This increases model stability and performance in communicating 3D design intentions between CAD software and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) and computer-aided engineering (CAE) software.